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= = **Science Study Guide!!** //__**The Heart:**__// //What are the 4 valves?// Mitral Pulmonary Aortic Tricuspid __Quick Facts__ Is a portion of the Circulatory system that includes the heart and blood vessels? • Functions to moveary systems (also others!) •Another name for the blood through and towards organs such as digestive, respiratory, and urine heart is the Myocardium •Tachycardia- an abnormally fast heartbeat  __Veins and Arteries__ Veins- Any of the blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart from the body's cells, tissues, and organs Arteries- Any of the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's cells, tissues, and organs.(extraneous (the word jan uses!!) )Arteries are flexible, elastic tubes with muscular walls that expand and contract to pump blood through the body. Veins are thin-walled and contain valves that prevent the back flow of blood. All veins except the pulmonary vein carry blood with low levels of oxygen. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> __X-tra info__ The heart is a muscular organ in all vertebrates responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in annelids, mollusks, and arthropods. The term cardiac (as in cardiology) means, "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek καρδία, kardia, for "heart." <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">__**Organs and their functions**__ <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **BLADDER**   -A hollow muscular organ that stores urine before expelling it from the body. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **BONES**   - The bones provide 5 functions. They protect other vital organs, i.e. ribs protect the lungs. Support the body in an upright position. They are attached to muscles to help provide movement of the body. Bone marrow produces blood. Store salts inside and provides a mineral reservoir for the body. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **BRAIN**   -The brain is the master control center of the body. It receives information through the senses from inside and outside of the body. It analyzes this information then sends messages to the body that controls its functions and actions. The brain remembers past experiences, is the source of thought, moods, and emotions. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **EARS**   - The ear converts sound which enters the ear canal, from mechanical vibrations into electrical signals that the brain interprets. The ear also contains a fluid that is vital for balance. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **ENDOCRINE SYSTEM**   -The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete chemical messages called hormones. The hormones pass through the blood to the target organ resulting in a chemical change in the body. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **EPITHELAIL TISSUE**   -Membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells forming the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **EYES**   -The eyes collect light and then send a message to the brain for integration. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **GALL BLADDER**   -A small, pear-shaped muscular sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in which bile secreted by the liver is stored until needed by the body for digestion. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **HEART**   -The chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system to supply oxygen to the body. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **KIDNEYS**   -A pair of organs functioning to maintain proper water and electrolyte balance, regulates acid-base concentration, and filter the blood of metabolic wastes, which are then excreted as urine. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **LARGE**    **INTESTINES**   -Beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later excreted as feces. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **LIVER**   -A large, reddish-brown, organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity that secretes bile and is active in the formation of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **LUNGS**   -Either of two spongy, sac-like respiratory organs in most vertebrates, occupying the chest cavity together with the heart and functioning to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and provide it with oxygen. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **MOUTH**   -The body opening through which an animal takes in food. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **MUSCLES**   - A tissue composed of fibers capable of contracting to effect bodily movement. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **NERVOUS**    **SYSTEM**   -The system of cells, tissues, and organs that regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor and effector organs. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **NOSE**   -The part of the human face or the forward part of the head of other vertebrates that contains the nostrils and organs of smell and forms the beginning of the respiratory tract. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **PANCREAS**   -A long, irregularly shaped gland in vertebrates, lying behind the stomach that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **SKIN**   -The membranous tissue forming the external covering or integument of an animal and consisting of the epidermis and dermis. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **SMALL INTERTINES**   -The upper portion of the bowel, in which the process of digestion is practically completed. It is narrow and contorted, and consists of three parts, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **SPINAL**    **CORD**   -The thick, whitish cord of nerve tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata down through the spinal column and from which the spinal nerves branch off to various parts of the body. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> **STOMACH**   -The enlarged, sac-like canal, one of the principal organs of digestion, located between the esophagus and the small intestine. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">TONGUE-The fleshy, movable, muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is the principal organ of taste, an aid in chewing and swallowing, and, in humans, an important organ of speech. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">__**Brains and Neurons**__ <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> 1.How does the brain and nervous system develop? <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-(The brain develops at rapid speeds before and after birth. A three-week-old embryo brain can be ten times smaller than a brain from a newborn. The nervous system is developed from a embryonic tissue called the Ectoderm. The neural plate that turns into your spine is starting to form and close to form a neural tube.) (As the brain begins to develop, at times, 250,000 neurons add to the brain every minute. The cells that are being added are the glial cells. When someone is born they are born with almost all the brain cells that they will ever have. Your brain continues to grow for a few years after birth and by the time you are 2 years old your brain is 80% of your adult sized brain.) <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">2.What changes during the teen years in the brain? <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-(The brain during teen years starts to get smaller slow down in development and goes from fourteen percent of your body weight when born it goes to three percent. Even though the percent is getting smaller that does not mean that the brain is getting smaller too because your brain is growing from the .3 kilograms it is now growing to 1.5 kilograms. It just means that your growing faster than you brain.) (During your teen years, your brain slows down in enlargement. It goes from 14% of your body weight to about 3%. It doesn’t get smaller, but the speed of development subsides. Your brain has grown from .3kg to 1.5kg. Your brain still is growing, but not as fast. You are just growing faster.) <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">3. What happens during aging to the brain? <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-(The brain becomes less prone to growing and stays the same weight only decreasing slightly due to overuse and physical injuries.) (The brain stops growing, and the weight stays the same. The weight only will decrease due to injuries to the head or overuse.) <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__**Central Nervous System:**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Has 2 parts(brain and spinal cord) <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Connects to the other divisions of the nervous system. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__**Peripheral Nervous System:**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Has 2 major parts(somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system) <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__**Somatic Nervous System:**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">- Peripheral nerve fibers send information to the brain and spinal cord. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">- Your brain sends the information to and from your nervous system in a matter of seconds. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__**Autonomic Nervous System:**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Has 3 parts(Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Enteric Nervous system) <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Move smooth muscles. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">__**The Urinary System**__ <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">The Basics <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-There are 4 parts in the urinary system: Kidneys (2), Ureters (2), Bladder (1), and a urethra(1). <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The Kidneys have urine-making cells called nephrons. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The urine is then transferred to the bladder through the Ureters to the bladder. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The bladder stores the urine until it then comes out through the urethra. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-There are 4 parts in the urinary system: Kidneys (2), Ureters (2), Bladder (1), and a urethra (1). <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The Urethra. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">The Kidneys have urine-making cells called nephrons. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The urine is then transferred to the bladder through the Ureters to the bladder. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The bladder stores the urine until it then comes out through the urethra. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__**Evolution Of Man**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> -The modern theory concerning the evolution of man proposes that humans and apes derive from an apelike ancestor that lived on earth a few million years ago. The theory states that man, through a combination of environmental and genetic factors, emerged as a species to produce the variety of ethnicities seen today, while modern apes evolved on a separate evolutionary pathway. Perhaps the most famous proponent of evolutionary theory is Charles Darwin (1809-82) who authored The Origin of Species (1859) to describe his theory of evolution. It was based largely on observations that he made during his 5-year voyage around the world aboard the HMS Beagle (1831-36). Since then, mankind's origin has generally been explained from an evolutionary perspective. Moreover, the theory of man's evolution has been and continues to be modified as new findings are discovered, revisions to the theory are adopted, and earlier concepts proven incorrect are discarded. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> //__**Evolution Of Man - Concepts in Evolutionary Theory**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The currently accepted theory of the evolution of man rests on three major principles. These principles hinge on the innate ability, which all creatures have to pass on their genetic information to their offspring through the reproductive process. An alternative explanation for homology is a common designer. According to this reasoning, the similarities in anatomical features between species point to a blueprint used by a Creator/Designer. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The first tenet is microevolution, the occurrence and build-up of mutations in the genetic sequence of an organism. Mutations are predominantly random and can occur naturally through errors in the reproductive process or through environmental impacts such as chemicals or radiation. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The second tenet of evolution is natural selection. Natural selection is a natural mechanism by which the fittest members of a species survive to pass on their genetic information, while the weakest are eliminated (die off) because they are unable to compete in the wild. Natural selection is often termed "survival of the fittest" or "elimination of the weakest." <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The third tenet is speciation, which occurs when members of a species mutate to the point where they are no longer able to breed with other members of the same species. The new population becomes a reproductively isolated community that is unable to breed with its former community. Through speciation, the genes of the new population become isolated from the previous group. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__**Evolution Of Man - Scientific Evidence**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> //__-__// The theory of evolution of man is supported by a set of independent observations within the fields of anthropology, paleontology, and molecular biology. Collectively, they depict life branching out from a common ancestor through gradual genetic changes over millions of years, commonly known as the "tree of life." Although accepted in mainstream science as altogether factual and experimentally proven, closer examinations of the evidences reveal some inaccuracies and reasonable alternative explanations. This causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropologist has been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__**Evolution Of Man - The Scrutiny**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-The theory concerning the evolution of man is under increased scrutiny due to the persistence of gaps in the fossil record, the inability to demonstrate "life-or-death" determining advantageous genetic mutations, and the lack of experiments or observations to truly confirm the evidence for speciation. Overall, the evolution of man pervades as the accepted paradigm on the origin of man within the scientific community. This is not because it has been proven scientifically, but because alternative viewpoints bring with them metaphysical implications that go against the modern naturalistic paradigm. Nevertheless, a closer examination of the evidence reveals evolution to be increasingly less scientific and more reliant upon beliefs, not proof. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__**Nutrition:**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">*B12: meats <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Found in milk powder <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too much it does nothing <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too little makes blood disorders <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">*C: citrus[|Digestive System] <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Helps immune system <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-If you eat too little then you get scurvy, which makes you lose your teeth <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too much of it and you can get headaches and upset stomachs <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">*Calcium: <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too much can give you cramps and you may get kidney stones <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too little can give you muscle spasms and osteoporosis <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-If you don't get enough your body takes the calcium from your bones. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">*Iron: <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too little then you get diarrhea <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too much can give you problems with your nervous system. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> *   Zinc: <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> -   Too little can give you hair loss <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Not possible for too much <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">*Sodium: <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too little gives you cell malfunction <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too much can give problems throughout your whole body <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">*Potassium: <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too much you can get strokes, dizziness, confusion, and joint pain. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-This is a type of electro light that helps the movement of the body. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">*Magnesium: <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-50% in bones <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-1% in blood <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Helps maintain body <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-Too much can give you cardiovascular disease and kidney failure <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">-It is in green veggies, grapes, and in ocean water.

=// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">__Digestive System__ //=

<span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__**The Process**__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">  The problems of the stomach or the digestive system are abundant because it has the most delicate organs for an organ system. Problems of the digestive system range from gallstones to diarrhea. You have about twenty feet of organs in the digestive system starting from the mouth to the anus and everything in between. That includes the esophagus, salivary glands, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine. The food you eat is churned by the types of different teeth you have and broken down by saliva that comes from the salivary glands through various ducts and tubes in your mouth that turn the food in to a substance called a bolus and goes down your esophagus. Food goes down the esophagus, but do you wonder how you can eat and breathe through the throat and not get food in your lungs? It is all thanks to a little muscle called the epiglottis that blocks the bolus from entering your wind pipe when you swallow. When the bolus has fully entered your esophagus completely it empties into your stomach where lies the only source of one particular liquid,hydrochloric acid, which is the most acidic liquid in the world. Also in your stomach are enzymes that chemically change the food by taking two different molecules and putting them together with the enzyme molecule. The two food molecules are fused to form a complex molecule you body can use. Ex. Molecule A, molecule B, and molecule C fuse together. With molecules A and B being different food molecules, but fused together to become something useful along with molecule C the enzyme that fuses together A and B to make a new molecule all together that your body can use. Eventually what is left is a substance called chyme. Often in it there are small nutrients and other stuff that you will not take in. Then the chyme enters your small intestine, which is covered with small “fingers” called villi thatabsorb nutrients and this villi has even smaller fingers on called micro-villi that increase the surface area to absorb every nutrient it can. Smooth muscles in the intestines help push the chyme even further all the way to the large intestine, where the chyme is now a solid-liquid substance where even more water and nutrients are extracted. . By now the chyme has reached the anus and has turned semisolid. At the anus the feces are held back by muscles that open and close the anus so you can control when you release the feces that were once a delicious cheese burger and a couple dozen fries. ** <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__ The organs of the excretory system __//   **

<span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">The organs of the excretory system are many in number and vary in size shape and, purpose. They are many organs involved in the process of turning meat, vegetables, and liquids into usable energy by adding the most acidic substance in the world, then taking the leftovers through a long journey into the small and large intestines were it is sucked of every single usable resource so what is left is a semi-solid waste that must be released immediately so it will not contaminate your body. That sounds like a lot of work for one organ system ,but that is because there is a lot of them about two thirds of a dozen to be correct. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> The mouth and salivary glands are responsible for breaking down and moistening the food so it can go down the esophagus smoothly. The mouth breaks down the food with your teeth that vary in size and purpose. Your salivary glands are in three major pairs the largest is the Parotid glands between ear and jaw. The sublingual and submandibular glands are located in the floor of the mouth along with many other smaller pairs of glands. The tongue is made up of eight muscles that make it very strong. It needs that many muscles to help digest food. By the time the food reaches the esophagus it is a soft substance called bolus. The esophagus is a long tube running through your neck and is responsible for transporting food into your stomach. It also connects to the windpipe which is responsible for air to go to your lungs. A rarely asked, but perplexing question is how does the bolus not enter you windpipe? It is all thanks to a small muscle called the epiglottis, that contracts and deflates when you breathe or swallow. The walls of the esophagus are splattered with mucus so boluses can go down smoothly and prevent choking if the bolus is too big. The next stop for the bolus is the stomach where the real stuff happens. This is where the bolus gets chemically changed into nutrients by enzymes that take two molecules, and make them into a new molecule that is useful. The stomach walls are lined with muscular ridges called rugae. The rugae help contract the stomach to churn the food. That rumbling in your stomach is caused when your stomach is churning but there is little or no food to churn. The way you stomach digests food is by making Hydrochloric acid by Parietal cells. The hydrochloric acid is so concentrated it can burn through wood. The reason your stomach has not digested itself is thanks to epithelial cells that make bicarbonate that is alkaline, a basic solution to counteract the acidic Hydrochloric solution. After all of that happens your bolus is now a liquid substance called chyme. The small intestine is the tract that will continue the digestion of the chyme. Only a certain amount of chyme can enter the small intestine at a time. The small intestine receives pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder and the liver. Most of the walls of the small intestine are lined with small projections called villi and even smaller projections on the villi called micro-villi, these allow for greater chance of absorbing nutrients. The walls of the intestine are filled with blood vessels that carry nutrients across the body, and by the time the chyme reaches the end of the small intestine there is less than one liter of chyme. The large intestine is a giant version of the small intestine and also takes away what is left of what the stomach and small intestine did not digest. It has the same villi and micro-villi, but the large intestine is different only in its circumference. This stage of digestion is just taking away water and solidifying the chyme. Your large intestine has over seven hundred species of bacteria that each have their own purpose to help dispose of the chyme. The walls of the intestines are lined with mucus so it can move more smoothly when the walls contract. For the chyme the journey has ended and it has successfully left your body made of fifty percent bacteria. Now we will mention those organs that stood on the sidelines and that we can not do without. Those organs are the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The gallbladder is the organ that held all the bile necessary for the digestion of the bolus and chyme. The gallbladder is a small organ; only three to four inches wide that reserves bile for the small intestine when it has received chyme. The pancreas creates hormones and juices like insulin, glucagon, enzymes, and other substances. As the pancreatic juices are being made and moved, the main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct that is coming from the liver and gallbladder. The enzymes help digest chyme, and boluses in the stomach and the small intestine Insulin lowers the blood sugar level if becomes too high, and glucagon increases it if it becomes too low. A cause of diabetes that occurs is if the pancreas insulin-secreting cells do not work properly. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> The liver weighs about three pounds. It is responsible for liquids that digest fat, transform glucose into glycogen, filter harmful substances from the blood to send to the kidneys, and turn it excess nitrogen into urea, the main component of urine. It transports these substances using two main vessels called the hepatic artery and the portal vein. It also maintains a proper level of glucose in the blood and has the job of producing up to eighty percent of the cholesterol in your body. The main disease of the liver is due that if alcohol is taken for a long time, which alters the metabolism of the liver. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__** The Brain **__// <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> ** Motor cortex ** -Located in the middle of your brain controls voluntary actions. Before a action can be done the motor cortex must receive information from other parts of the brain. It must know where it is in space, the goal, a strategy, and memories about past strategies. It is also known that certain parts of the motor cortex control certain parts of the body but there are parts that take up much more space than others. Ex. The hands may be very small physically to the legs but on the motor map the hand takes up much more space because the hand can make. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> ** Sensory cortex ** - Is responsible for sensing touch. It senses hot,warm,cold,and pain. It runs up the spinal cord into the brain. Sensory cells are all over the body sensing hot,warm,cold, and pain. In moments of great distress the body shuts off pain in order to survive. Most people believe that touch is all one sense but there are different sensors that sense hot,cold and pain. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> ** Cerebellum ** - In charge of helping in voluntary actions. It is located at the bottom of the brain and behind the spinal cord. Compared to the motor cortex it is very well protected but if damaged can lead to various motor control malfunctions. Ex. Inability to judge distance and and when to stop along with weak muscles and garbled speech. <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> ** Thalamus ** -A large mass of grey matter under the cerebral cortex. It connects and helps control the cerebral cortex. Also helps regulate other motor and sensory motions by sending electronic pulses to other parts of the brains and acts as a control center for motor function. Since it regulates information about sensory it is in control of sleep.
 * <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;">//__ Blood & Bloodstream __//  **
 * <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> -It has to travel through rubbery pipelines, veins and arteries   **
 * <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> -The tubes that travel from your heart are called arteries   **
 * <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> -They're hoses that carry blood pumped under high pressure to smaller and smaller branched tubes called capillaries.   **
 * <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> -The tubes that are more carefully drain back blood to the heart are called veins   **
 * <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> -When you inhale you send air down to your lungs   **
 * <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> Because blood is pumped using the pulmonary system the air you breathe fuses in with the blood   **  <span style="font-family: FreeSans,sans-serif;"> molecules A and B being different food molecules, but fused together to become something useful along with molecule C the enzyme that fuses together A and B to make a new molecule all together that your body can use. Eventually what is left is a substance called chyme. Often in it there are small nutrients and other stuff that you will not take in. Then the chyme enters your small intestine, which is covered with small “fingers” called villi that absorb nutrients and this villi has even smaller fingers on called micro-villi that increase the surface area to absorb every nutrient it can. Smooth muscles in the intestines help push the chyme even further all the way to the large intestine, where the chyme is now a solid-liquid substance where even more water and nutrients are extracted. . By now the chyme has reached the anus and has turned semisolid. At the anus the feces are held back by muscles that open and close the anus so you can control when you release the feces that were once a delicious cheese burger and a couple dozen fries.