iScience+B

Ahmad Hill & Jose Mesa Science Review Wiki

=toc __**Digestive system**__ = = =

**The process**  The problems of the stomach or the digestive system are abundant because it has the most delicate organs for an organ system. Problems of the digestive system range from gallstones to diarrhea. You have about twenty feet of organs in the digestive system starting from the mouth to the anus and everything in between. That includes the esophagus, salivary glands, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine. The food you eat is churned by the types of different teeth you have and broken down by saliva that comes from the salivary glands through various ducts and tubes in your mouth that turn the food in to a substance called a bolus and goes down your esophagus. Food goes down the esophagus, but do you wonder how you can eat and breathe through the throat and not get food in your lungs? It is all thanks to a little muscle called the epiglottis that blocks the bolus from entering your wind pipe when you swallow. When the bolus has fully entered your esophagus completely it empties into your stomach where lies the only source of one particular liquid ,hydrochloric acid, which is the most acidic liquid in the world. Also in your stomach are enzymes that chemically change the food by taking two different molecules and putting them together with the enzyme molecule. The two food molecules are fused to form a complex molecule you body can use. Ex. Molecule A, molecule B, and molecule C fuse together. With molecules A and B being different food molecules, but fused together to become something useful along with molecule C the enzyme that fuses together A and B to make a new molecule all together that your body can use. Eventually what is left is a substance called chyme. Often in it there are small nutrients and other stuff that you will not take in. Then the chyme enters your small intestine, which is covered with small “fingers” called villi that absorb nutrients and this villi has even smaller fingers on called micro-villi that increase the surface area to absorb every nutrient it can. Smooth muscles in the intestines help push the chyme even further all the way to the large intestine, where the chyme is now a solid-liquid substance where even more water and nutrients are extracted. . By now the chyme has reached the anus and has turned semisolid. At the anus the feces are held back by muscles that open and close the anus so you can control when you release the feces that were once a delicious cheese burger and a couple dozen fries. **The organs of the excretory system**  The organs of the excretory system are many in number and vary in size shape and, purpose. They are many organs involved in the process of turning meat, vegetables, and liquids into usable energy by adding the most acidic substance in the world, then taking the leftovers through a long journey into the small and large intestines were it is sucked of every single usable resource so what is left is a disgusting, smelly, semi-solid waste that must be released immediately so it will not contaminate your body. That sounds like a lot of work for one organ system ,but that is because there is a lot of them about two thirds of a dozen to be correct. So it should be known to everyone what and where are your excretory organs are; also what can go wrong with them. The mouth and salivary glands are responsible for breaking down and moistening the food so it can go down the esophagus smoothly. The mouth breaks down the food with your teeth that vary in size and purpose. Your salivary glands are in three major pairs the largest is the Parotid glands between ear and jaw. The sublingual and submandibular glands are located in the floor of the mouth along with many other smaller pairs of glands. The tongue is sometimes called the strongest muscle in your body, but that is due to the fact that it is actually a series of eight muscles. It needs that many muscles to By help digest food. the time the food reaches the esophagus it is a soft substance called bolus. The esophagus is next in line for where the bolus is to pass next. The esophagus is a long tube running through your neck and is responsible for transporting food into your stomach. It also connects to the windpipe which is responsible for air to go to your lungs. A rarely asked, but perplexing question is how does the bolus not enter you windpipe? It is all thanks to a small muscle called the epiglottis, that contracts and deflates when you breathe or swallow. The walls of the esophagus are splattered with mucus so boluses can go down smoothly and prevent choking if the bolus is too big. The next stop for the bolus is the stomach where the real stuff happens. This is where the bolus gets chemically changed into nutrients by enzymes that take two molecules, and make them into a new molecule that is useful. You should remember the information from the first paragraph. The stomach walls are lined with muscular ridges called Rugae. The Rugae help contract the stomach to churn the food. That rumbling in your stomach is caused when your stomach is churning but there is little or no food to churn. It relates to how much noise a water bottle makes when it is full and when it is half-full. The way you stomach digests food is by making Hydrochloric acid by Parietal cells. The hydrochloric acid is so concentrated it can burn through wood. The reason your stomach has not digested itself is thanks to epithelial cells that make bicarbonate that is alkaline, a basic solution to counteract the acidic Hydrochloric solution. After all of that happens your bolus is now a liquid substance called chyme. The small intestine is the tract that will continue the digestion of the chyme. Only a certain amount of chyme can enter the small intestine at a time. The small intestine receives pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder and the liver. Most of the walls of the small intestine are lined with small projections called villi and even smaller projections on the villi called micro-villi, these allow for greater chance of absorbing nutrients. The walls of the intestine are filled with blood vessels that carry nutrients across the body, and by the time the chyme reaches the end of the small intestine there is less than one liter of chyme. The large intestine is a giant version of the small intestine and also takes away what is left of what the stomach and small intestine did not digest. It has the same villi and micro-villi, but the large intestine is different only in its circumference. This stage of digestion is just taking away water and solidifying the chyme. Your large intestine has over seven hundred species of bacteria that each have their own purpose to help dispose of the chyme. The walls of the intestines are lined with mucus so it can move more smoothly when the walls contract.  For the chyme the journey has ended and it has successfully left your body made of fifty percent bacteria. Now we will mention those organs that stood on the sidelines and that we can not do without. Those organs are the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The gallbladder is the organ that held all the bile necessary for the digestion of the bolus and chyme. The gallbladder is a small organ; only three to four inches wide that reserves bile for the small intestine when it has received chyme. The pancreas creates hormones and juices like insulin, glucagon, enzymes, and other substances. As the pancreatic juices are being made and moved, the main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct that is coming from the liver and gallbladder. The enzymes help digest chyme, and boluses in the stomach and the small intestine Insulin lowers the blood sugar level if becomes too high, and glucagon increases it if it becomes too low. A cause of diabetes that occurs is if the pancreas insulin-secreting cells do not work properly. The liver weighs about three pounds. It is responsible for liquids that digest fat, transform glucose into glycogen, filter harmful substances from the blood to send to the kidneys, and turn it excess nitrogen into urea, the main component of urine. It transports these substances using two main vessels called the hepatic artery and the portal vein. It also maintains a proper level of glucose in the blood and has the job of producing up to eighty percent of the cholesterol in your body. The main disease of the liver is due that if alcohol is taken for a long time, which alters the metabolism of the liver.

=__The Brain__ =

Located in the middle of your brain controls voluntary actions. Before a action can be done the motor cortex must receive information from other parts of the brain. It must know where it is in space, the goal, a strategy, and memories about past strategies. It is also known that certain parts of the motor cortex control certain parts of the body but there are parts that take up much more space than others. Ex. The hands may be very small physically to the legs but on the motor map the hand takes up much more space because the hand can make. **__Sensory cortex-__** Is responsible for sensing touch. It senses hot,warm,cold,and pain. It runs up the spinal cord into the brain. Sensory cells are all over the body sensing hot,warm,cold, and pain. In moments of great distress the body shuts off pain in order to survive. Most people believe that touch is all one sense but there are different sensors that sense hot,cold and pain. **__Cerebellum-__**  In charge of helping in voluntary actions. It is located at the bottom of the brain and behind the spinal cord. Compared to the motor cortex it is very well protected but if damaged can lead to various motor control malfunctions. Ex. Inability to judge distance and and when to stop along with weak muscles and garbled speech. __**Thalamus-**__ A large mass of grey matter under the cerebral cortex. It connects and helps control the cerebral cortex. Also helps regulate other motor and sensory motions by sending electronic pulses to other parts of the brains and acts as a control center for motor function. Since it regulates information about sensory it is in control of sleep.
 * __Motor cortex- __**

=<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Cranial nerves__ =


 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Olfactory nerve__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The olfactory nerve controls smell and is in the front part of the brain.
 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__ Trigeminal nerve __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The trigeminal nerve controls chewing, face, mouth touch and pain, it is located in the pons area.
 * 3) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Optic nerve__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The optic nerve controls the vison and is right behind the olfactory
 * 4) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Vestibulcochlear Neves__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The vestibulocochlear nerve controls hearing and equiliberum sensations
 * 5) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Hypoglossal nerve__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Hypoglossal Nerve controls tongue movement
 * 6) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Oculomotor nerve__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The oculomotor controls the eylid and eyeball movement and is located midbrain..
 * 7) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Adbucens nerve__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The abducens nerve moves the eye laterally and is located in the pons area.
 * 8) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Glossopharyngeal nerve__ This nerve controls taste and senses carotoid blood pressure, it is located in the medulla.s
 * 9) __Vagus Nerve__ The vagus nerve senses aortic pressure, slows heart rate, stimulates digestive organs, and taste. It is located in the medulla.
 * 10) __Spinal Accessory__ The S.A. nerve controls trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and controls swallowing movements.
 * 11) __Facial Nerve__ The facial nerve controls most facial expressions, secretion of tears, saliva taste, located in pons area
 * 12) __Olfactory nerve__ The olfactory nerve controls smell and is in the front part of the brain.

the next set of information is from a power point from //**yours truly!!**// (Ahmad) =<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__The Cardiovascular System:__ = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> **Cool facts.** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•The heart pumps nearly 4000 gallons of blood every single day <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•The average 3-year-old has 2 pints of blood in their body and adults are that but times 5! <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•When you here that sound of your heart beating, those are the valves opening and closing

===**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Things you will probably need to now(The Heart)__ **===
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Is a portion of the Circulatory system that includes the heart and blood vessels **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•The pulmonary is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again (the the right side of your heart uses) **
 * ** The systematic (the one that we think as the circulatory system) sends blood from the heart to all the other parts of our bodies and back again **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Functions to move the blood through and towards organs such as digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems (also others!) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•Another name for the heart is the Myocardium **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•Tachycardia- an abnormally fast heartbeat <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•make up the network that delivers blood to the body's tissues. **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•Tachycardia- an abnormally fast heartbeat <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•make up the network that delivers blood to the body's tissues. **

__**Some More Facts**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">•Found in every animal <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Part of the circulatory system** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Blood travels at 60,000 miles of blood vessels that branch and cross (traveling the globe 2 and a half times)**

==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__**The Heart**__ == <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**•The heart is a organ that supplies blood to the rest of the body** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**•Is the key organ to the cardiovascular system** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**•** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It beats about 100,000 times a day <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**•It usually beats from 60 to 100 times per minute, and can fast when needed** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**•In a lifetime the human heart beats about 12 and a half billion times** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**•The heart depends on 4 main valves to push the blood to the body** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> **•pulmonary valve** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> **•aortic valve** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> **•tricuspid valve** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> **•mitral valve**

==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__**Blood & Bloodstream**__ == <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> • **Your blood has to travel through rubbery pipelines, veins and arteries** **•****The tubes that travel from your heart are called arteries** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**•They're hoses that carry blood pumped under high pressure to smaller and smaller branched tubes called capillaries.** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**•The tubes that are more carefully drain back blood to the heart are called veins** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**•When you inhale you send air down to your lungs b****ecause blood is pumped using the pulmonary system (explained earlier) the air you breathe fuses in with the blood**

=<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__**Senses**__ = ==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Smell-__ == <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> What helps you smell are tiny particles called odor particles? When you breathe in air, the air enters through your nostrils. The odors enter small little hairs called cilia. Cilia filter things that try to come in your nose. Cilia help clean out nasal cavity. After the cilia filtered what’s interring the air goes to the lungs. When they have passed the nasal cavity it goes to a layer of mucus then to the olfactory bulb. When the odors reach the olfactory bulb they fit into nerve cell that distinguishes what it is. ==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Taste-__ == <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Taste buds are important because they help you taste food. You have one thousand taste buds around your mouth. Saliva helps you break down food and causes receptor cells located in taste buds to send messages to the brain. It then can tell you what you taste. As a baby you have taste buds on your tongue, sides, and the top of your mouth. As you get older you lose taste buds. There are four main types of taste buds, sour sweet, bitter, and salty. Girls have more taste buds than boys. ==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Auditory-__ == <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> What are the main parts of the ear? Outer ear middle ear and inner ear

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> What is the thing that vibrates and produces sound? The eardrum

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> What is the spiral-ish thing in your ear? The cochlea

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Name 3 main parts of the ear and explain what they do.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The 3 main parts of the ear are the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The parts of the outer ear are the auricle, the external auditory canal, and the eardrum. The job of the middle ear is to take the sound waves and turn them into vibrations. The inner ear has 3 main parts, the vestibular, the cochlea, and the semicircular canal. ==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Touch-__ == <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Important Bullet Points What is all the receptors in your body? There are 4 receptors in your body, pain pressure, hot, and cold. How many receptors do you have on your fingertips? You have more than 100 touch receptors on your fingertips. What receptor is most common? The most common receptor is pain. What are the steps in touch? First the receptors then nerves, from nerves to spinal cord, and finally the brain. Where do you have less receptor? In the middle of the bock you have the least number of receptors. Where do you have the most receptors? Tongue

=<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__**The Urinary System**__ =

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Kidneys: Filter blood and remove waste <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Ureters: Move the urine from the kidneys to the bladder <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Bladder: Holds the urine until it is time to go to the bathroom <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Urethra: a tube that the urine comes out from the Kidneys <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Uses CCF (counter current flow) to filter waste and toxins throughout the body <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Only four parts in the body use this method <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Ureters <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Moves the urine from the kidneys to the bladder <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Bladder <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Holds the urine like a bowl <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Shaped like an upside down onion <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Adult bladder can hold up to 1 to 2 cups of urine <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Slightly swells when full <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Sends messages to the brain when it is full <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Urethra <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Releases urine from your body <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Male urethra has 3 parts <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Female urethra has 2 parts <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Urine <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Slang term is pee <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Waste and toxins that your body is trying to expel <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Left over minerals that your body doesn’t need <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Made out of water, urea, urochrome, creatine, body salts, bile from the liver, and ammonia

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The Urinary System from the top of your body, to the bottom of your body. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__How it operates(YOU SHOULD READ THIS)__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The Urinary System has four parts to it the kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The Urinary System is the system allows you to pee. It starts off with the kidneys that filter your urine, and then it goes down to the ureters that are tubes that move the urine into the bladder. The bladder acts as a tank or bowl to hold your urine.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__Urine through the urethra__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The urine goes out through the urethra. Urine is a substance that you might know better as pee. Urine is the waste and toxins that your body is trying to expel, and left over minerals that your body does not need. Urine is made up of water, urea, urochrome, creatinine, body salts, and bile from the liver, and ammonia. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The kidneys are one of the most important organs in your body. They use counter current flow to filter waste and toxins through the body. The kidneys use a system that has two sets of pumps that are made out of capillaries only four parts in the body have this. The waste and nutrients both go in the first section to be filtered. Then the go into the second capillary to be separated and either expelled from the body or recycled for your well-being. The kidneys are also separated into many different parts. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The urine then flows into the ureters which act like tubes to guide the urine into the bladder. Even though the ureters might seem to not be a big contribution to the urinary system they are. If you did not have your ureters your pee would not be able to make it to the bladder. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The bladder acts as a bowl in the urinary system. Your urine flows down from the ureters into the bladder, as if you were filling a bowl with chicken soup. As more urine fills the bladder it starts to slightly swell. When the bladder gets full it sends messages to the brain that you have to go to the bathroom. It is not good to hold it, because it is bad for your body and you might have an accident, such as if you fill your bowl with too much chicken soup and it overflowed. Once you finally go to the bathroom the urethra helps you get it out of your system. The urethra is the tube that helps you release the urine from your body. The urethra is different for males and females. For males the urethra is located at the tip of the penis and has three parts. For the females the urethra is located in the vagina and only has two parts. Whenever you have to go to the bathroom the urethra relaxes and lets you go. The urinary system may just have four parts to it, but it is very complicated and helps you in many ways. Every part is necessary for this body system to function and it is one out of many. =<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Capillaries**__ = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels of the body. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> There are 30 billion capillaries in the human body which form vast networks. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> They are part of the circulatory system. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> From the heart, we have the biggest artery, the aorta. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The aorta splits and then goes into the arterials. After that the arterials become smaller turning into capillaries. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Capillaries are necessary for delivering oxygen as well as other nutrients to tissues. Capillaries join to be wider to become venules, then become wider to be veins after the tissue has been diffused which returns blood to the heart. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Any single cell is not more than three or four cells separated away from a capillary. This is because the majority of tissues have an extensive network of capillaries. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Capillary walls: Capillary walls have a thin layer of endothelial cells covered by a basement membrane. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">These small blood vessels measure only 0.01 to 0.04 inch in length and its maximum diameter can be 0.0004 inch. The thinness of capillary walls allows exchanges between the blood and the space around these tiny vessels. Although they are thin-walled, very small, and have diameter that is small, they are very powerful. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Capillary walls are powerful because they don’t stretch or break easily when blood pressure is increased. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Capillary circulation and the speed of blood flow: The part of the overall blood circulatory system where oxygen, waste, and more pass between your blood and other parts of the body is the capillary circulation. The circulatory subsystems are connected by capillaries. The tissues’ need for oxygen and others nutrients depends on the blood flow in the capillary networks. Exchanges occur between the blood and tissues because blood flows slower in capillaries than larger vessels. An active muscle requires more blood than one at rest. A muscle at rest causes a series of sphincters contracts which cut blood flow in the capillaries. This is because; through a process of contracting and relaxing the Precapillary sphincters control blood flow in capillaries. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Liver capillaries: Liver capillaries are made by many loops that go back and forth in the liver tissue to have enough time to filter harmful materials from going into the blood. The capillaries that the liver contains are called fenestrated capillaries. Fenestrated capillaries are one of the two major capillaries found in many tissues and characterized by pores that penetrate the endothelium. By a very thin semipermeable membrane, these pores may be closed. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Kidney capillaries: There are two capillaries systems in the kidneys that connect. The first system of capillaries includes holes that allow substances to easily pass through, so it leaks. The other capillary system takes up nutrients, extra water, and correct salt exchange. This capillary system does not include big holes that leak like the other capillary system in the kidneys. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Brain Capillaries: These capillaries are very tight. They almost have no holes to protect fragile brain tissue. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Pulmonary capillaries: In pulmonary capillaries blood is filled with oxygen and the carbon monoxide is removed from the lungs. Pulmonary capillaries are tiny blood vessels. Oxygen-poor blood is carried by the pulmonary arteries, the only arteries that carry this kind of blood. The oxygen-poor blood is returned to the lungs by the pulmonary artery which divides and ends up in pulmonary capillaries of the lungs, the small air passages walls. Oxygen-rich blood is carried away from the lungs by pulmonary veins and it all begins in the pulmonary capillaries (What does?). Carbon dioxide is removed and blood is oxygenated in the lungs. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Red blood cells: Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cells. Red blood cells have no nuclei so they are capable of stretching and deforming in order to flow through the narrowest blood vessels. Each red blood vessel is to contain about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin allows these cells to transport oxygen (and carbon dioxide). These cells take up oxygen from the lungs and release it when passing through capillaries. Millions of blood cells are contained in a single drop of blood. Red blood cells are usually traveling our bodies removing waste and delivering oxygen. Red blood cells perform a very important duty probably the most important blood duty. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is a substance build of protein globin and hemes, four pigments. Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of gases. It plays a role in as exchange by transporting oxygen and carbon monoxide through blood. When the iron in the hemes combines with the oxygen the blood turns the color red. Hemoglobin in the blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the remaining of the body and collects carbon dioxide which then goes back to the lungs. Hemoglobin is included in mostly all vertebrates and many invertebrates. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Diffusion: Diffusion is an extremely slow process. It is caused because it spreads act of random processed (what does this mean?) from a high concentration to a lower concentration carried by capillaries (of what?). Equilibrium is when the molecules are evenly spaced. The diffusion of water across a membrane is called Osmosis. When one side is solute, the molecules go to the other side of the membrane (capillaries) to even out. A difference between concentrations in a space is called concentration gradient. For example, sugar is put in water in a clear glass. These particles will mostly be at one corner of the glass and over a slow period of time the particles will separate randomly. These particles have diffused in the water and since the glass is clear it is easier to see that diffusion. If you want to experience seeing diffusion keep a very close eye. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The memory, a part of your brain is a fascinating function that allows us to uncover the mysteries of how we think and do things. However, your memory begins to take place when you are developing in the stomach of your mother. The reason why is because before you are even born there are signals of communication that occur, capturing information and allowing the process of your brain to take place.
 * More about Capillaries: All capillaries are different like some capillaries have microscopic holes that are too small to allow blood to pass through, but not small enough to not allow other molecules to flow through them to feed tissues. Capillaries are strongly diverse depending on where they stand in the body. Capillaries play many roles other than delivery of oxygen and nutrients. These roles cause variability in structure and are dissent (?) from organ to organ.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> =<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">__**The Memory**__ =

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> memory as fascinating as it is very complex and has its very different <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> types of functions. In your memory, you are able to process and sort <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> information through your three types of memory that make up your memory, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> overall. The first type of memory is short term memory.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Short term memory is part of the brain system that allows you to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> remember information. It can store up to 5-9 pieces of information such <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as a telephone number. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> next type of memory is middle term memory. Middle term memory is a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> section, where the information that could not be processed through the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> entire memory can be stored. Middle term memory may especially come in <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> handy when information that may still be unclear, can try to be <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> remembered. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Last <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> but not least, is long term memory? Long term memory, is the part of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> your memory that can hold an unlimited amount of information at one <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> time. However, without the help of Procedural and Declarative Memory, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which are two groups that make up long term memory, the memory would not <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> function as well. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> first one is Procedural memory. Procedural memory allows us to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> understand information without verbal help, such as knowing the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> information without someone telling you. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> second one is Declarative Memory. Declarative Memory helps us to figure <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> out the facts, such as names and dates. For example, it helps you study <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> for a test and know the material. Although, through the journey of your <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> memory, there may also be some bumps on the road that can mess up your <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> memory.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> main cause however, for the malfunctions is the action of Retrieval <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> taking place. Retrieval cues to dredge up memories, from long term <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> memory storage and causes you to forget information such as specific <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> thoughts. For example, if you were studying for test, and then all of a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> sudden you’re thinking about cookies that would be an example of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> retrieval taking place. However, retrieval is made up of two groups that <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> allow it to take place. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> These <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> two groups are recall and recognition. Recall is made up of memories of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> previous digested information. For example, when you are thinking of a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> specific thought, recall comes in and allows you to remember previous <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> information in the past. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> second one is Recognition. Recognition is an identification of learned <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> items. For example, recognition would be the one that would interrupt <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> your specific thought, and distract you with information you already <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> know just by looking at it. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> However, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> how does retrieval affect you in general? Retrieval can lead to the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> diseases of the brain which are Amnesia and Schizophrenia. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> first one is Amnesia. Amnesia is a sickness caused by an injury to the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> brain, by either a car accident or a very hard hit to the brain. The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> sickness of Amnesia however, begins when the hard hit to the brain, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> causes a shift to occur, bringing bacteria along with it or a type of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> poison. This sickness or disease causes reactions to people, to only <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> remember things up to the accident. They can also make you absorb and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> remember things one day and night, and then it can make you forget <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> everything the day before. So, therefore, it can make you forget what <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> happens from 10 seconds to a whole year. The second disease or disorder <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a disorder caused by a chemical <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> imbalance to the brain. These chemical imbalances cause messages in your <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> brain or memory to get mixed up. They mainly affect men in their early <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> twenties. Although, as important and unique as our memory is, the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> effects it has, has affected people in the real world, such as Phineas <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Gage. Phineas Gage lived around the 1800’s and was the boss for railroad <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> construction. One day, he was helping a worker with an explosion and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> suddenly the driller of the explosion shot up. The pole with a sudden <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> force shot up behind the eye of Phineas Gage and through his frontal <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> lobe. This accident however, didn’t kill Phineas Gage but, changed the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> person that he was. After the accident, he became a very angry and very <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> mean person, then the nice and respectable person he once was. However, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> this occurred because when the pole hit him it reached his frontal lobe, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the part of your brain that stores expressions and emotions. However, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> throughout, the rest of Phineas Gage’s life he was known as a new <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> discovery that could improve the future of doctors and the world. It is <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> because of Phineas that brain science is understood more clearly. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> =<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">__**STD (Sexual Transmitted Disease)**__ =

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Gonorrhea- is a sexually transmitted disease <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> It <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is bacteria that grow and multiplies in warm moist areas. The bacteria <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> can also grow in mouth, anus, eyes or the throat. It is mainly found in <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> cervix, uterus, and urethra. Over 700,000 people have gonorrhea. It is <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> spread through contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, and anus. During <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> delivery a pregnant women can give it to her child during birth. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Syphilis- It is a bacteria that is called “Treponema pallidum” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 36,000 diseases reported in 2006. The sores occur on open places ex. Vagina, penis. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Chlamydia- is a disease that has infected more than 2,291,000 in the U.S. are infected <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> disease infects men and women and can affect children during birth are <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> tested by urine and sperm. Re-infections are possible to get. You should <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> get your partner tested or wear a latex condom with stranger (don’t <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> have sex with stranger) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Genital Herpes <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hsv-1-is <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> more rare and severe and doesn’t have symptoms. HSV-1 symptoms come <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> later. HSV-1 and HSV-2 can affect sexually active people for ages. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Genital HSV-2 infection is more common in women (about one out of five <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> women 14 to 49 years of age) than in men (about one out of nine men 14 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to 49 years of age). About 16.2% people in America have Herpes. If you <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> get HSV you can get infections that can kill your baby. Herpes can you <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> usually lead to HIV then Aids. (A potentially fatal disease)The Heart <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">