Social+Studies+B

toc Social Studies 2nd Semester

Jocelyn Garza Christian Garcia

__**The Elizabethan age (1585- 1625)**__

 The Elizabethan age was in a way the marker of the Renaissance, Which means “Rebirth”, in Europe. This is when many intelligent people started to prosper and flourish. Marvelous inventions were being invented including the life changing structure. The printing press was invented in the 1500 by Johannes Gutenberg. People started forming religions that soon would change the world.  The reign of the Queen Elizabeth started off with her father Henry Tudor The 8th. He married six times in effort to give birth to a healthy young man to keep the family legacy going. When he did give birth to a boy, Edward, died shortly after. Infuriated that his last wife didn't give birth to a son he broke the tight bond with the Catholic Church. He later divorced his wife and shortly died. His eldest Daughter Mary was a Catholic so she reformed England back to Catholicism, killing many people she was called Bloody Mary. Mary was also married to the prince of Spain a Catholic. Once she died Elizabeth took the Throne. Under her rule England became a world power, Taxes were reduced, and education and art was encouraged.

__**Shakespeare’s Great Leap**__

Under the reign of Elizabeth Theatrical Arts were encouraged. The greatest playwright, William Shakespeare, was born. William Shakespeare was born on April 23,1564 in Stratford on Avon. He was always in plays when he was little. He then Married Anne Hathaway. He became a Justin Bieber of Usher of the Renaissance He was an amazing play write he wrote some of the best and well known plays ever made.He made romeo and Juliet, the Tempest, Hamlet ,and many more. But he died in the 17th century around 40 years. During the Time The Native American civilization was thriving.

__//**The Native Americans:**//__

__**Chapter 5: Inuit (Eskimos)**__ This tribe considers itself Inuit which means “the people.” Anthropologist and some people of other nationalities name them as Eskimo people which means “people who eat raw flesh.” The Inuit tribe is not Indian so they are ancestry of an Algonquian language, but some believe they were the last ancient Asians to cross Beringia and settle in North America. Inuit live on “tundras”, lands that are partly frozen so trees cannot survive there, but other Inuit live on “taiga” land where it is forested. The Inuit eat raw flesh for vitamins, build igloos and pit houses for shelter, and wear warm clothing. They wear animal skins with fur and feathers, so all these garments are waterproof and lightweight, but they also have smokeless lamps from burning sea mammal blubber to keep warm. Sleds and kayaks(boats) is their transportation. However, kayaks are easy to turn around when flipped over and stay dry. Overall, Inuit are intelligent as they learn how to adapt to their environment and others as they are known to be nomadic, but they where found in Canada, Alaska, Siberia, and Greenland.

__**Chapter 6: Anasazi (Mountain Dwellers)**__ This tribe was testified from an enemy tribe as Anasazi which stands for “ancient enemies.” Anasazi lived in a 200-room apartment house on the side of a steep mountain made of natural stone shelf. The cornfields and harvests gardens are at the top of the mountains so Anasazi women and farmers had to climb up the mountain everyday, some with their baby child strapped to a board that will make their heads flat which was a sign of beauty for them. They had a man-made reservoir filled with water due to the lots of rain. Also, they held ceremonies meant to thank the gods for the harvest and prepare for new hunts and harvest. Anasazi hunted, so since there was no need of easy transportation when hunting they became fast runners. However, they had arthritis because stones were damp and their apartments were cramped. In these apartment houses there where kivas. Kivas are round rooms dug in the ground used by men. Men used them for religious ceremonies, discussing problems, to make laws, and to have a good time by playing games. In this community there was sharing and a strong, deep religion, but when the dramatic drought came over that lasted over 24 years causing the Anasazi to be hungry and thirsty because there was no water to drink or to use for harvesting they all moved away. The Anasazi desegregated from each other as they divided into different pueblos, so they were known as Pueblo people as well, but their geographic location is the four corners.

__**Chapter 7: Northwest Indians (Show-offs)**__ Northwest Indians are also known as the show-off tribe because they like to show-off their wealth and prestige. They live near the ocean and their world is bountiful. They can fish salmon and sturgeon from rivers and seals, whales, fish, and shellfish from the ocean. Also, the woods are full of healthy animals to be hunted and berries, nuts, and wild roots are everywhere to be gathered. Their lives are easy and they don’t have to work hard and farm for their food. The Northwest Indians carve animal and human figures on “totem poles.” These poles represent the family’s power and rank. This tribe has a lot of leisure time, so they dance, sing, and playact. They are affluent ,or wealthy, Americans who do not share leadership because they care about wealth, property, and prestige which is importance and reputation. In this society people are not treated equal and there are many slaves. The Northwest Indians like to show off their wealth and goods, so they have potlatches. Potlatches are big parties that may go on for days, where the one having the party gives away its most prized possessions to be well known in the community, so it is like a competition.

__**Chapter 9: Plain Indians**__ The Plain Indians tribe was one of the poorest native tribes, not until the Europeans came. They were nomadic, so they farmed and hunted buffalo because the buffalo were dumb and slow. Tepees were commonly used along their community when traveling. They depended on buffalo for their food and clothing because they used every part of the buffalo. They were deeply religious and had strict rules. The Plain Indians hunted the buffalo on foot, so they hunted a small amount and they used every piece of it. However, the Europeans came and traded with the Plain Indians. The Plain Indians now had guns and horses which made it easier to hunt and just when they thought the buffalo community will never end, the buffalo was on the verge of extinction. Plain Indians became “wasteful” as they started to kill buffalo when not really needed and not using it. Their geographical location is the Rocky Mountains to the Appalachian Mountains.

 __**Chapter 10: Mound Builders**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Mound Builders were discovered as great traders, mercenaries, and nomads. They were famous and popular for building mounds. Mounds are hills made of dirt build by these skill-full people. Adena, Hopewell, Mississippians Indians were all mound builders. The Adena were known for their cone- shaped mounds and they are athe oldest mound builders that lived in the region of Ohio. Now, the Hopewell Indians lived in populated river regions and traded across the continent leaving beautiful treasures in their mounds. They grew crops and were very healthy. However, the culture changed and mound builders became serious farmers. They began to change their government and made their city grow. It was the Mississippians Indians that brought theses changes and center on corn instead of mounds. They were less healthy and had no freedom to build mounds because they were busy working. It was discovered that mounds were used for platforms for temples and leader’s palaces, religious symbols, or for big ceremonies of death and graves. In the mounds, archaeologists found copper, pearls, shells, mica, soapstone, obsidian, old pots, bones, and teeth from sharks and bears. They also found human remains with pearl beads and copper on their bodies, so it was concluded that the human found was a queen or somebody of power. Many of these things came from different places, so this is how we know they were great traders. The Serpent Mound was a big and long mound in Ohio discovered in the 19th century by a farmer named M.C. Hopewell. It is in the shape of a huge snake measuring over 1,300 feet long. This tribe was in Cahokia, a big and thriving city with lots of mounds, but it all disappeared and some experts believe it was the large growth of population. This was a slave society with a powerful ruler called the “Great Sun.” It was not democratic and it called the slaves “stinkards” which noblewomen had to marry. Mound builders were located along Cincinnati, Ohio.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> __**Chapter 11: Woodland Indians**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The Woodland Indians tribe was surrounded by forests and woods. They were the grandchildren of the great Mound Builders. Woodland Indians cut down a lot of trees to build there homes on the land or harvest crops. These Indians hunted deer, beaver, raccoon, possum, bear, and more as well. They ate passenger pigeons which were easily caught because they weren’t scared of people, but they became extinct. They hunted dear by wearing deer’s antlers on their heads pretending to be a deer. They practiced a farming called “slash and burn.” First they cleared the land from trees and burned the branches and leaves.With the ash, they fertilized the ground and women, who were most likely the farmers made holes on the land and dropped seeds in them. The Woodland Indians ate corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, wild grapes, nuts, and sometimes dig clams from the beaches. However, they also combined food in nutritious ways like putting together beans, corn, and squash for more protein when eaten together. Woodlands lived in the warm south and cared about their looks. Their makeup and jewelry were elaborate even though their clothes wasn't. A family here lived in “wigwams” which is a one- room house made of narrow tree limbs lashed together with vines and covered with bark. The Woodland Indians did not conserve trees, so some forests and woods were all cut down. These Indians have enemies they like to call Iroquois.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Chapter 12: Iroquois (Haudenosaunee)**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Iroquois means “terrible, frightening, or rattlesnake people” which is what Woodland Indians called them in the Algonquian language. Haudenosaunee is what this tribe call themselves and it means “People of the Long- House.” Their houses were about 150 feet long and an estimate of 20 families lived in them. They did this because they wanted to be united with everybody who was in the house to be allies. They had no written language, but there history and stories are beaded on “wampums.” Also, chiefs called “sachems” and leaders of memory and wisdom memorize people's past. The Iroquois excellent farmers especially women, hunters and gatherers. The Iroquois were democratic. They were known for their great system called the League of the Great Peace. The original nations of this league were Mohawk, Cayuga, Seneca, Oneida, and Onondaga, but Tuscarora joined this confederacy as the sixth nation. This tribe wanted peace with the Woodland Indians, but they didn’t want nothing to do with their ancient enemies. Before the league it is believed that these nations fought for revenge and anger until three men appeared. Deganwidah who was a poor fatherless boy which couldn't speak well and Hiawatha, who was tired of killing wanted peace. However, Tadodaho was their great opponent because he wanted revenge, war, and cannibalism, throwing dead enemies in pots and eating them. The guys who wanted peace united and spread the word about peace to others, and Hiawatha converted Tadodaho to peace with the help of Deganwidah. The Iroquois had a matrilineal society. In this kind of society the descent comes from the mother which are the leaders of the family clans. The women pick 50 male sachems, ten from each nation have a council meeting. These meetings were long, because Iroquois were excellent talkers and everyone had to agree for something.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> __**The New World**__

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Exploration was very important during the Renaissance. Everyone was wanting to find land to make their country wealthy. Spain was under the rule of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. Christopher Columbus asked them if they would sponsor his trip to Indian. They agreed under the circumstance that He would convert the natives to Catholicism and make Spain Wealthy and a power house. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Now lets go back a couple years earlier to the 11th century The Vikings were at their peak invading other tribes for their own. Erick the Red was exiled from the Norwegian area when he left he had convinced some of his family and friends to join him. They soon landed on Greenland and Iceland. His son Lieferickson wanted to go farther. He went and hit Vin-land and some parts of New England. He then noticed that everything here was what they had over in Iceland or Greenland there was nothing knew so they went back. Christopher Columbus thought he had landed on Indian but really it was Hispaniola. He then started the triangle trade, which is a system used to bring good treats from the new world to the old world and from the old world to the new world. They also did this with slaves. Christopher Columbus ended being the cause of the destroyed culture of the Tainos.